Recombinant human TGF-β1 protein

Introduction

Recombinant human TGF-β1 protein is a recombinant growth factor designed for in vitro research, widely used in cell culture and organoid-related studies to support cell growth and functional analysis.

Background

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the TGF-β superfamily, a group of structurally related growth factors that regulate fundamental cellular processes. TGF-β1 plays central roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, immune regulation, tissue repair, fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is produced by a wide range of cell types including immune cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells.

TGF-β1 is synthesized as a precursor protein and secreted as part of a latent complex associated with latency-associated peptide (LAP) and extracellular matrix components. Proteolytic enzymes, integrins, or mechanical forces release the mature bioactive homodimeric cytokine. Active TGF-β1 signals through heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of TGF-βRII and TGF-βRI (ALK-5/ALK-1), activating canonical Smad-dependent and non-canonical signaling pathways.

In cell culture systems, recombinant TGF-β1 is a key component of defined media formulations used for the maintenance of pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It supports pluripotency, survival, and self-renewal, and is widely used in lineage specification protocols, including mesenchymal, epithelial, immune, and osteogenic differentiation models.

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